Hinchinbrook Island looking west (i-cubed Landsat 7). |
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Hinchinbrook Island (Queensland)
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| Geography | |
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| Location | Coral Sea |
| Area | 39.3 km2 (15.17 sq mi) |
| Length | 52 km (32.3 mi) |
| Width | 10 km (6 mi) |
| Highest elevation | 1,121 m (3,678 ft) |
| Highest point | Mount Bowen |
| Country | |
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Australia
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| State | Queensland |
| LGA | Cassowary Coast Region |
Hinchinbrook Island lies east of Cardwell and north of Lucinda, Queensland Australia. Hinchinbrook Island is part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and wholly protected within the Hinchinbrook Island National Park, except for a small resort. It is the largest island on the Great Barrier Reef.[1] It is also the largest island national park in Australia.[2][3]
On the mainland adjacent Hinchinbrook Island is Girringun National Park, Kirrama National Park, Edmund Kennedy National Park and the Cardwell Range hinterland which is part of the World Heritage Wet Tropics of Queensland. The Great Green Way spans the coastal region Cairns City to the north, with Townsville City to the south. Cardwell is a southern Cassowary Coast Town with a population of around 1,350.
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Hinchinbrook Island is made up of late Palaeozoic intrusive igneous.[4] The main 16km long pluton in the east of the island, the Hinchinbrook Granite, is composed of various hypersolvus granites and intrudes volcanics, granodiorites, and granites.[4][5] The island and coastal ranges are thought to have been thrust up as blocks with subsidence between them to form the coastal plain with the summit level of the island being an older dissected surface that has been uplifted to approximately 1k m or more above sea level. The Hinchinbrook Channel that separates the island from the mainland is considered to be fault controlled.
Since the last Ice Age 18,000 years ago sea level has risen. Once there was a significant rugged coastal range, now there is Hinchinbrook Island. To the west is the mangrove-fringed Hinchinbrook Channel with 164 km² of robust mangrove esturaries.[6] The channel is the valley of the Herbert River flooded following the last glacial period.[7] The island is only separated from the mainland at times of high sea-level such as the present and is thought to have had dry land connections to the mainland for most of the past few million years. Further west is the Cardwell Range Escarpment rainforest. East of Hinchinbrook Island lies the Coral Sea, Great Barrier Reef Lagoon and Great Barrier Reef.
To the north of Hinchinbrook Island, Rockingham Bay hosts densely vegetated continental islands e.g. Garden Island, Goold Island, Brook Islands Group, Family Island Group, Bedarra Island and Dunk Island east of Mission Beach. South of Hinchinbrook Island, the Cardwell Range gives way to the Herbert River floodplain and delta.
Missionary Bay is at the northern end of Hinchinbrook Island National Park. Natural features of this biodiverse area include 50 km² of dense mangrove communities lining the shoreline.[6] Many botanists believe the mangrove forests along the island's western coast are the most diverse in the country.[3] 31 different species of mangrove has been identified.[8] A shallow subhorizontal tidal zone has extensive offshore sea grass beds grazed by dugong. The Beach Stone-curlew thrives on the island, unlike on mainland beaches because vehicles are banned.[3]
The eastern coastline of Hinchinbrook Island is punctuated with headland outcrops, incised drainage conduits, forest, secluded sandy pocket beaches and sand dunes. Mangroves are in proximity to freshwater streams. At Ramsay Bay on the northeast coast, a transgressive dune barrier or tombolo links Cape Sandwich, a granite outlier at the northeastern tip of the island, to the main part of the island. The barrier is widest in the north with a maximum width of about 1 km and narrows to the south to a width of about 100-200 m.[9] The barrier, which consists mainly of aeolian sands, extends more than 30 m below the present sea level in places. It is thought to have been formed in two major episodes, the older dunes being partly drowned during an early Holocene marine transgression (9500-6000 C-14 years BP) with the later generation of dunes forming within the last 900 C-14 years BP.[10]
Hinchinbrook Island is described as a "wilderness area," wild and rugged with soaring mountainous peaks. Hinchinbrook Island's highest mountain is Mount Bowen. The summit being 1121 metres (or 3,678 feet) above sea level. Terrestrial vegetation types include thick shrubs, heath, bushland and forest. The island habitat provides refuge for numerous endangered species, both flora and fauna such as the Giant Tree Frog.
The local climate is tropical, warm to mildly cool and dry during the winter months. The summer monsoon wet is warm to hot and humid, coinciding with the tropical cyclone season. The island has no reefs in the waters surrounding it, most likely due to fresh water runoff from the island.[8]
Hinchinbrook Island was inhabited by the Bandjin people,[3] along a western coastal strip. Shell middens and fish traps are evidence of their activities.[11] Fish were an important source of food for Aboriginal people living in the area. The Bandjin fish trap rock formations exploited the cyclic tidal regime, not only capturing fish, but also holding their catch alive for days. At times, many fish would be caught in the traps. These fish would not be killed nor eaten, instead they were left for the birds. To this day fish are still captured by these traps feeding the local birds.
In 1770 James Cook and his crew on HMS Endeavour sailed past at some distance east of Hinchinbrook Island. Hinchinbrook Island was named on the 19 May, 1819 by Lieutenant Phillip Parker King RN (1791-1856). King was a naval officer, hydrographer and company manager who explored the northeastern coast of Australia on the HM Colonial Cutter Mermaid.[12]
In the following decades Europeans settled on Hinchinbrook Island. Their main activities were fishing, farming and mining. In 1932 Hinchinbrook Island was declared a national park.[11][3] In 1942, a US B24 Liberator bomber crashed into a mountain on the island, killing all 12 people on board.[13] After World War II commercial crocodile hunting in the area, nearly reduced numbers to the point of extinction by the 1960s.[3]
The 2008 movie Nim's Island was partly filmed on the island.[14]
The island has a single provider of accommodation called the Hinchinbrook Island Wilderness Lodge.[2] It is located on the north-eastern corner of the island at Cape Richards.[1]
Hinchinbrook Island, Hinchinbrook Channel and the coastal plain south to the Herbert River Delta is a unique biogeographical region. Due to past, present and ongoing conservation efforts this region embraces Nature Tourism i.e. ecotourism. South of Cardwell the Port Hinchinbrook Marina provides public year round safe boating access to Hinchinbrook Channel, offshore islands and the Great Barrier Reef.
Along the east coast of the island is the 32 km (20 mi) long Thorsborne Trail. The trail is recognised world-wide and was named in honour of environmental activists Arthur and Margaret Thorsborne.[11]
Marine nature based activities include; sightseeing cruises, sailing, outrigger canoeing, swimming, snorkelling and scuba diving. Sea kayaking is possible east of Hinchinbrook Island; west, the island is known saltwater crocodile habitat. Outdoor enthusiasts and angler's target this region for prawns, mudcrabs, lobster, estuarine, benthic and pelagic species. Spearfishing, luring, bottom fishing and sports fishing are possible. For sustainable conservation of marine natural resources the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park has a detailed zoning map.
Hinchinbrook Island camping is by permit only.[11] Visitor numbers to the island is restricted. The aim is to preserve the islands biodiversity and limit environmental degradation. Open fires are not permitted.[11] Day trip visitors, hikers and campers should be aware that saltwater crocodiles are a protected species and present in the islands waterways.[11]
Conservation and environmental activists continue to monitor visitor numbers, boat activities, coastal canal development, marina dredging activities, coastal infrastructure development and the wilderness values of Hinchinbrook Island National Park.
The Bruce Highway connects Townsville, Cardwell, Port Hinchinbrook and Cairns. Locally the Bruce Highway within Cardwell town limits is known as Victoria Street. Regular scheduled coach services operate from the transit zone in Brasenose Street, Cardwell. Queensland Rail has regular services operating, transiting from the Cardwell Rail Station in Roma Street. The northern Hinchinbrook Island Ferry timetable has seasonal regular scheduled services departing Port Hinchinbrook Marina.
In 2011, the shipwreck of a 30 m longboat was discovered on the shores of Ramsay Bay by a fisherman.[15] It is thought that the wreck is about 130 years old and was uncovered by Cyclone Yasi.